{"id":88086,"date":"2026-03-31T15:34:38","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T15:34:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.imv-imaging.com\/?p=88086"},"modified":"2026-04-29T11:26:32","modified_gmt":"2026-04-29T11:26:32","slug":"news-ocular-ultrasonography-in-small-animals-part-1-patient-preparation-technique-and-normal-appearance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.imv-imaging.com\/en\/2026\/03\/news-ocular-ultrasonography-in-small-animals-part-1-patient-preparation-technique-and-normal-appearance\/","title":{"rendered":"Ocular Ultrasonography in Small Animals – Part 1: Patient preparation, technique and normal appearance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ultrasound is used routinely by veterinary ophthalmologists to evaluate ocular and orbital structures. Ocular ultrasonography facilitates the examination of intraocular structures in cases where pathology is obscuring the normal anatomy and can aid in the detection and evaluation of intraocular conditions such as neoplasia. Additionally, ultrasound can be used to examine the structures within the orbit and retrobulbar space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patient preparation and technique<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the ocular structures are superficial, appropriate ultrasound transducer selection and optimising the ultrasound machine set up is important. Medium to high frequency transducers capable of producing ultrasound frequencies of 12 \u2013 20MHz are ideal for ocular ultrasound. However, lower frequency transducers (or a reduced ultrasound frequency setting) can be used to examine the posterior globe and retrobulbar tissue. The depth setting on the ultrasound machine should be altered so that the area of interest occupies 75% of the screen and the focal zone(s), which represents the area of optimal lateral resolution, should be positioned at the level of the area of interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ultrasound examination of the eye is ideally performed with the patient conscious as sedatives or general anaesthetic can lead to globe retraction and\/or rotation. Before commencing the exam, a topical local anaesthetic such as 1-2 drops of 0.5% proxymetacaine should be applied to the corneal surface. The patient can then stand or sit with the head held securely by an assistant. A water-soluble acoustic coupling gel is applied to the ultrasound transducer and the transducer is placed directly on the corneal surface (Figure 1.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 1. Direct corneal placement of the ultrasound transducer in a conscious patient. In this example a high frequency linear \u201chockey stick\u201d transducer is used<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ocular ultrasonography should not be performed if there is evidence of significant corneal ulceration<\/strong>. In cases where there is deep corneal ulceration or a descemetocele, the pressure from the transducer can lead to corneal rupture. In patients where there is intense blepharospasm, globe trauma or the patient is uncooperative, the transducer can be placed on the closed eyelid. However, the image quality is reduced using this method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following ultrasound transducer placement, small angulation (fanning) or sliding motions can be made to examine the globe. This should be performed in a horizontal and vertical plane using the transducer marker to help image orientation. It is imperative to examine both eyes, in cases with unilateral disease this allows the images from the normal and affected eyes to be compared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once the examination is completed, the acoustic coupling gel should be gently flushed from the eye.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Normal Appearance<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By applying adequate amounts of acoustic coupling gel, the cornea can be visualised as a convex hyperechoic structure. Utilising a high frequency transducer can allow the two parallel echogenic layers representing the anterior corneal epithelium and the posterior corneal endothelium to be seen (Figure 2). It is important to be aware of the pressure applied to the corneal surface, as the anterior chamber is compressible, and transducer pressure can result in flattening of the cornea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 2. This horizontal plane ultrasound image of the left eye shows the normal appearance of the corneal layers. By magnifying a small section of the image, the anterior echogenic epithelial layer, central anechoic stromal layer, and the posterior echogenic endothelial layer can be seen. (Image provided by Chris Dixon BVSc CertVOPhthal MRCVS, Vet Vision UK).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The aqueous humour filled anterior and posterior chambers are anechoic (black) with the iris appearing as an echogenic structure that tapers towards the pupillary margin and is continuous with the ciliary body. The anterior and posterior lens capsules are highly echogenic whereas the normal internal lens fibres and nucleus appears anechoic (Figure 3.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 3. A schematic illustration of the anterior globe anatomy is shown beside a section of a B-mode ultrasound image of the canine eye. The echogenic lens capsule can be seen surrounding the anechoic internal lens fibres and nucleus.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The anechoic vitreous body fills much of the posterior segment of the globe with the posterior tissue layers of the retina, choroid and sclera visible as a single hyperechoic curved line in the normal eye. The optic disc may be visible as a recessed hyperechoic area on the posterior wall of the globe (Figure 4.). Posterior to the globe, the retrobulbar space contains the extraocular muscles, retrobulbar fat, optic nerve, and vasculature. The retrobulbar fat forms triangular hyperechoic areas medial to the thin hypoechoic muscle bands. With the central optic nerve appearing as a hypo-anechoic linear area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 4. This horizontal plane image of the eye shows the posterior segment of the globe and part of the retro-bulbar anatomy. (Image provided by Chris Dixon BVSc CertVOPhthal MRCVS, Vet Vision UK)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As with ultrasound in general, successful ocular ultrasonography is dependent on a systematic approach, appropriate equipment, good image optimisation and confidence in normal findings. Keep an eye out for Part 2 of this series on ocular ultrasonography, where we will present examples of the ultrasonographic changes seen in a range of small animal ocular conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further Reading<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boroffka S.A.E.B. (2011) Eyes, In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Ultrasonography., Eds: Barr F. and Gaschen L., BSAVA publications, Gloucester, pp 183-192.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gonzalez E.M., Rodriguez A., Garcia I., (2001) Review of Ocular Ultrasonography, Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound<\/em> 42<\/strong>, pp 485-495.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mackay C.S. and Mattoon J. (2015) Eye, In: Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound 3rd edn., Eds: Mattoon J. and Nyland T., Elsevier, St. Louis, pp 128-154.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moore D. and Lamb C., (2007) Ocular Ultrasonography in Companion Animals: A Pictorial Review, In Practice<\/em> 29<\/strong>, pp 604-610<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pizzarini S., Penninck D. and Spaulding K., (2015) Eye and Orbit, In: Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography 2nd<\/sup> edn., Eds: Penninck D. and d\u2019Anjou M.A., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp 19-54.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ultrasound is used routinely by veterinary ophthalmologists to evaluate ocular and orbital structures. Ocular ultrasonography facilitates the examination of intraocular structures in cases where pathology is obscuring the normal anatomy and can aid in the detection and evaluation of intraocular conditions such as neoplasia. Additionally, ultrasound can be used to…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16691,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"class_list":["post-88086","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOcular Ultrasonography in Small Animals - Part 1: Patient preparation, technique and normal appearance | IMV imaging<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ocular Ultrasonography in Small Animals - Part 1: Patient preparation, technique and normal appearance. 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