{"id":88123,"date":"2026-03-31T16:28:05","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T16:28:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.imv-imaging.com\/?p=88123"},"modified":"2026-03-31T16:41:41","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T16:41:41","slug":"news-ocular-ultrasonography-part-2-ocular-abnormalities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.imv-imaging.com\/en\/2026\/03\/news-ocular-ultrasonography-part-2-ocular-abnormalities\/","title":{"rendered":"Ocular Ultrasonography – Part 2: Ocular abnormalities"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ocular ultrasonography facilitates the examination of intraocular structures in cases where pathology is obscuring the normal anatomy and can aid in the detection and evaluation of intraocular conditions such as neoplasia. Additionally, ultrasound can be used to examine the structures within the orbit and retrobulbar space. This article aims to give an overview of the ultrasonographic changes seen in a variety of ocular conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whilst ocular ultrasonography is a safe technique, the transducer placement can cause direct pressure to the globe and ultrasound is contraindicated in patients who have severe globe or corneal trauma, or where ocular surgery has recently been performed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although conditions affecting the anterior corneal epithelium would be directly visible on ophthalmic examination, use of higher frequency ultrasound transducers can detect conditions that may be obscured by opacification of the superficial corneal layers. In most cases where corneal pathology is present there will be an alteration in corneal thickness and the normal three-layer structure of the cornea will change as<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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the normally anechoic stroma becomes echogenic (Figure 1.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Figure 1. In this horizontal plane ultrasound image, a metallic corneal foreign body is present (asterisk). The cornea has become thicker with the normally anechoic stromal layer becoming echogenic. As the foreign body is very dense, an acoustic shadow artefact is created and is obscuring part of the anterior lens (arrow). (Image provided by Chris Dixon BVSc CertVOPhthal MRCVS, Vet Vision UK).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pathological conditions which cause the presence of haemorrhage (hyphema) and\/or cellular debris (hypopyon) within the anterior chamber, will appear as echogenic material within the normally anechoic aqueous humour. This material can be mobile and may change position with ocular motion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iridocilliary cysts which form from the neuroepithelium of the uveal tract can float from the posterior chamber into the anterior chamber or vitreous body. On ultrasound these appear as round structures with a thin, echogenic wall and an anechoic centre (Figure 2.). Breeds such as Labradors, Great Danes and <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Golden Retrievers are predisposed to cysts and though usually considered incidental, iridociliary cysts have been associated with uveitis and glaucoma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Figure 2. In this horizontal plane image of the right eye in a dog, an iridociliary cyst (blue arrow) can be seen adjacent to the ciliary body within the anterior chamber. (Image provided by Chris Dixon BVSc CertVOPhthal MRCVS, Vet Vision UK).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ultrasound is useful in assessing the lens and cataract formation. Cataracts appear as echogenic areas within the normally anechoic internal fibres and nucleus of the lens (Figure 3.). Ocular conditions which lead to stress and eventual rupture of the zonule fibres that support the lens, can cause subluxation or luxation of the lens. By using ultrasound, the lens position can be assessed; in subluxation the lens position may be asymmetric though it will remain posterior to the iris and anterior to the vitreous body. Luxation will allow the lens to move into the anterior chamber or into the vitreous body (Figure 4.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figure 3: In this horizontal plane image, the central portion of the normally anechoic lens has become echogenic indicating the presence of a cataract (arrow). (Image provided by Chris Dixon BVSc CertVOPhthal MRCVS, Vet Vision UK).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figure 4. A) This image shows an anterior lens luxation. The lens is located within the anterior chamber (arrow) anterior to the iris (asterisks). B) This image shows a patient with posterior lens luxation. The lens, which shows signs of cataractous change, is located within the posterior vitreal chamber (arrow). The surrounding vitreous contains echogenic material due to haemorrhage and inflammation. (Images provided by Chris Dixon BVSc CertVOPhthal MRCVS, Vet Vision UK).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the vitreous normally appears anechoic, a range of conditions can cause echogenic material to appear within the vitreous. Forms of vitreal degeneration, such as astral hylalosis, can be seen in older patients and those with cataracts. Degenerative conditions like these cause echogenic opacities within the vitreous. Similarly, infection, inflammation and haemorrhage can cause the formation of vitreal opacities. Organised blood clots within ocular chambers can be difficult to differentiate from neoplastic lesions. However, doppler ultrasonography can be valuable in distinguishing between vascularised neoplastic lesions and the lack of blood flow within an organised clot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Though it is not normally possible to distinguish the retina from the other layers of the posterior globe wall, retinal detachment can have a characteristic appearance. As the retina remains attached at the optic disc and ora serrata, complete detachment leads, to the thin echogenic interface of the retina forming a \u201cV\u201d or \u201cY\u201d shape within the vitreous chamber (Figure 5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figure 5. This image shows the \u201cV\u201d shape formed by detached retinal membranes (arrows). The attachment at the optic disc can still be seen (asterisk). (Images provided by Chris Dixon BVSc CertVOPhthal MRCVS, Vet Vision UK).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As ocular neoplasia can lead to changes which obscure normal ocular anatomy, ultrasound provides a method of assessing the ocular structures and defining the extent of the neoplastic changes. Ocular neoplasia can be focal (Figure 6.) or diffuse and can also cause intraocular haemorrage, glaucoma and uveitis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figure 6. In this image an irregular heterogenous mass (arrow) is visible extending from the corneal limbus into the anterior chamber and the anterior lens capsule (asterisk). (Images provided by Chris Dixon BVSc CertVOPhthal MRCVS, Vet Vision UK).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In cases of retrobulbar pathology, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are both valuable in assessing changes in the retrobulbar anatomy. However, these modalities are limited by their availability and expense. Ultrasound offers a rewarding alternative to assess the retrobulbar structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the changes caused by neoplasia or inflammation can vary, it is important to evaluate both eyes as this allows the retrobulbar structures to be compared. Inflammation may cause the retrobulbar fat to appear relatively hyperechoic (Figure 7.), whereas neoplasia can deform the posterior globe and cavitary lesions such as abscesses or cysts may appear as areas with an echogenic rim containing flocculent or hypoechoic content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figure 7. This image shows a retrobulbar foreign body which appears as a hyperechoic linear structure within the retrobulbar space (asterisk). As the foreign material is dense, it is creating a reverberation artefact (arrow). The retrobulbar fat surrounding the object is inflamed and appears more hyperechoic and irregular. (Images provided by Chris Dixon BVSc CertVOPhthal MRCVS, Vet Vision UK)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further Reading<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boroffka S.A.E.B. (2011) Eyes, In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Ultrasonography., Eds: Barr F. and Gaschen L., BSAVA publications, Gloucester, pp 183-192.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gonzalez E.M., Rodriguez A., Garcia I., (2001) Review of Ocular Ultrasonography, Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound<\/em> 42<\/strong>, pp 485-495.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mackay C.S. and Mattoon J. (2015) Eye, In: Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound 3rd edn., Eds: Mattoon J. and Nyland T., Elsevier, St. Louis, pp 128-154.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moore D. and Lamb C., (2007) Ocular Ultrasonography in Companion Animals: A Pictorial Review, In Practice<\/em> 29<\/strong>, pp 604-610<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pizzarini S., Penninck D. and Spaulding K., (2015) Eye and Orbit, In: Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography 2nd<\/sup> edn., Eds: Penninck D. and d\u2019Anjou M.A., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp 19-54.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ocular ultrasonography facilitates the examination of intraocular structures in cases where pathology is obscuring the normal anatomy and can aid in the detection and evaluation of intraocular conditions such as neoplasia. Additionally, ultrasound can be used to examine the structures within the orbit and retrobulbar space. This article aims to…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16691,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1354,1353],"class_list":["post-88123","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-imv-small-animal","category-imv-ultrasound"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOcular Ultrasonography - Part 2: Ocular abnormalities | IMV imaging<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ocular Ultrasonography - Part 2: Ocular abnormalities. 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