{"id":59771,"date":"2022-12-14T11:42:00","date_gmt":"2022-12-14T11:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.imv-imaging.com\/2022\/12\/news-ultrasonography-of-the-abdominal-vessels\/"},"modified":"2024-07-22T13:28:45","modified_gmt":"2024-07-22T13:28:45","slug":"news-ultrasonography-of-the-abdominal-vessels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.imv-imaging.com\/us\/2022\/12\/news-ultrasonography-of-the-abdominal-vessels\/","title":{"rendered":"Ultrasonography of the Abdominal Vessels"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Assessment of the abdominal vessels should form part of a routine abdominal ultrasound examination.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Abdominal vessels and their major branches are important ultrasonographic landmarks for other abdominal structures. Specific indications for ultrasonography of the abdominal vessels include:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Identification of emboli\/thrombi<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Rule out vascular invasion by neoplastic lesions<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-normal-anatomy\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Normal Anatomy<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The aorta supplies the arterial flow for all abdominal structures. Whilst the venous flow is divided, with some organs draining directly into the caudal vena cava (CVC) and others draining via the portal vein.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/7971300.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net\/hubfs\/7971300\/Image%201%20(2).jpg\" alt=\"Abdominal Vessels\" style=\"width:500px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">&nbsp;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">An illustration of the major abdominal blood vessels. Portal circulation (Left): 1. Portal vein 2. Splenic vein 3. Left gastric vein 4. cranial mesenteric vein. Systemic circulation (right): 5. Aorta 6. Caudal vena cava 7. Renal artery 8. Renal vein 9. Phrenicoabdominal artery 10. Coeliac artery 11. Cranial mesenteric artery 12. Circumflex artery 13. External iliac artery 14. Internal iliac artery 15. Circumflex vein 16. External iliac vein 17. Internal iliac vein.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Examination Technique&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The aorta and the caudal vena cava are situated in the dorsal abdomen. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the patient is adequately clipped. Extend the clipped area to the edge of the lumbar musculature dorsally and, in deep chested or large breed patients, include the caudal 2-3 intercostal spaces in the clipped area. This will allow the intercostal spaces to be used for the examination of more cranial and dorsal areas of the abdomen.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The highest frequency setting that gives adequate depth of penetration to view the area of the vessels should be used. In most patients, a frequency of 5-7.5Mhz is adequate. However, higher frequencies (8-15Mhz) will improve image resolution and can be utilised in smaller patients. Either a micro-convex or linear transducer can be used for the examination. Linear transducers are capable of higher frequency settings and are ideal for smaller patients. However, their larger footprint makes them harder to manoeuvre around the body. In comparison, micro-convex transducers produce a lower frequency range though their smaller, curved surface make them ideal in larger patients and for imaging using the intercostal spaces.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/7971300.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net\/hubfs\/7971300\/Image%202%20(2).jpg\" alt=\"Dog prepped for ultrasound\" style=\"width:500px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aorta-nbsp\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Aorta<\/span><\/strong><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The aorta is visible in the dorsal abdomen, ventral to the epaxial musculature and the vertebral column and to the left of the midline.&nbsp;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When scanning the dorsal abdomen with the animal in right lateral recumbency, the aorta will be visible in the near field of the ultrasound image. The aorta appears pulsatile and cannot be compressed by increasing the transducer pressure on the patient in the same manner as the vena cava.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The left kidney can be used as a landmark for the aorta. By identifying the left kidney in a dorsal or sagittal plane, the transducer can be fanned ventrally towards the patient\u2019s midline to identify the aorta in the sagittal plane.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"361\" style=\"height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 500px;\" src=\"https:\/\/7971300.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net\/hubfs\/7971300\/Image%203%20(1).jpg\" alt=\"Image 3 (1)\"><\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-caudal-vena-cava\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Caudal Vena Cava<\/span><\/strong><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The vena cava is visible in the dorsal abdomen, ventral to the vertebral column. It is present in the near field when imaged with the patient in left lateral recumbency and it can be easily compressed compared to the adjacent aorta. The vena cava may also appear pulsatile as a result of referred movement from the aorta.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Like the technique described for the aorta, the right kidney can be used as a landmark. By identifying the right kidney in a dorsal or sagittal orientation and fanning the transducer ventrally towards the patient\u2019s midline the caudal vena cava can be identified in a sagittal or longitudinal orientation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-normal-appearance\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Normal appearance<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The lumen of vascular structures appears anechoic. Slice thickness artefact, whereby the anechoic lumen and echogenic tissue adjacent to the blood vessel are superimposed on the two-dimensional screen image, can create the appearance of echogenic tissue within the vessel lumen. Imaging the vessels in two orthogonal planes, as well as utilising Doppler ultrasound modes, can help to distinguish artefacts from pathological conditions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/7971300.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net\/hubfs\/7971300\/Image%204%20(1).jpg\" alt=\"Image 4 (1)\" style=\"width:500px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><\/span><\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Caudal vena cava in a dog. <\/span><\/i><\/strong><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In this dorsal plane image of the caudal abdomen of a dog in left lateral recumbency, the caudal vena cava is visible in the near field (blue arrow) whilst the aorta is visible in the far field (red arrow).<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-doppler-ultrasound-nbsp\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Doppler Ultrasound&nbsp;<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Doppler ultrasound modes can be used to visualise and document the blood flow within vascular structures.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-colour-doppler-nbsp\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Colour Doppler<\/span><\/strong><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In this display mode, Doppler Shift data received by the ultrasound transducer is displayed as colour pixels within the sample gate shown on the B-mode image. This gives information about direction and a semi-quantitative assessment of blood flow velocities.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Conventionally, echoes representing flow away from the ultrasound transducer are displayed as shades of blue and echoes representing flow towards the ultrasound transducer are displayed as shades of red. Note that if flow occurs perpendicular to the ultrasound beam, no colour will be displayed despite the presence of flow. Therefore, it is important to orientate the ultrasound beam as close to parallel to the direction of blood flow as possible.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Power Doppler<\/span><\/strong><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Power Doppler ignores the directional information provided by Doppler shift and displays the total Doppler signal strength as shades of one colour. While it does not display any data on flow direction, Power Doppler is a useful tool for examining low velocity blood flow and is more sensitive to flow than colour doppler. Therefore, it can detect flow in smaller blood vessels.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spectral-doppler-nbsp\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Spectral Doppler<\/span><\/strong><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Spectral Doppler displays Doppler shift in a graphical format. Velocity is plotted on the Y \u2013 axis and time is plotted on the X \u2013 axis. Flow towards the transducer is plotted above the baseline and flow away from the transducer is plotted below the baseline.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/7971300.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net\/hubfs\/7971300\/Image%205%20(1).jpg\" alt=\"Image 5 (1)\" style=\"width:500px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Colour Doppler image of the caudal vena cava. <\/span><\/i><\/strong><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In this dorsal plane image of the caudal abdomen of a dog in left lateral recumbency, the caudal vena cava is visible in the near field. Coloured pixels representing Doppler shift caused by vascular flow are visible within the Doppler sample gate on the ultrasound image. Note that because the coloured pixels represent flow relative to the transducer, there are areas within the caudal vena cava where the blood flow is towards (coloured red) and away (coloured blue) from the transducer. Similarly, there is section of the vena cava which lacks colour. At this point the transducer surface is parallel to the vessel and there is no blood flow angled towards or away from the transducer. Therefore, there is no Doppler shift detected.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/7971300.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net\/hubfs\/7971300\/Image%206.jpg\" alt=\"Image 6\" style=\"width:500px\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Power Doppler image. <\/span><\/i><\/strong><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In this image power Doppler imaging is being used to assess the blood flow within a soft tissue structure. The blood flow within the sample volume gate (green box) is shown as a single colour ignoring directional data.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/7971300.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net\/hubfs\/7971300\/Image%207.jpg\" alt=\"Image 7\" style=\"width:500px\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Spectral Doppler Trace. <\/span><\/i><\/strong><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This image shows a graphical representation of Doppler flow. Flow towards the transducer is displayed above the baseline and flow away from the transducer is displayed below the baseline. The B-mode image showing positioning of the sample gate is shown above the spectral trace.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ultrasonographic-appearance-of-vessel-pathology\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ultrasonographic appearance of vessel pathology<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-vascular-thrombosis-nbsp\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Vascular Thrombosis<\/span><\/strong><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Thrombi can occur secondary to cardiac disease, systemic conditions such as those causing a hypercoagulable state, or localised pathology such as neoplasia.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Thrombi appear as echogenic tissue within the vascular lumen<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">1<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. The echogenicity can vary and may appear homogenous or heterogenous<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. In the acute phase, thrombi can be poorly echogenic, making them harder to identify. At this stage, Doppler can be used to document the lack of flow within the vessel.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/7971300.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net\/hubfs\/7971300\/Image%208.jpg\" alt=\"Image 8\" style=\"width:500px\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Aortic thrombus in a dog. <\/span><\/i><\/strong><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A) In this sagittal plane image of the dorsal abdomen, an echogenic thrombus is present within the lumen of the distal aorta. B) In the same patient, colour Doppler mode is used to show the lack of blood flow caused by the thrombus occluding the aortic lumen.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259,&quot;469777462&quot;:[4513],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[3]}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-neoplastic-invasion-nbsp\"><strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Neoplastic Invasion<\/span><\/strong><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259,&quot;469777462&quot;:[4513],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[3]}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Neoplastic lesions can invade regional vascular structures. The caudal vena cava can be invaded by neoplastic lesions arising from the liver, local lymph nodes, kidneys and, most commonly<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">3<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, the right adrenal gland.&nbsp;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259,&quot;469777462&quot;:[4513],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[3]}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As neoplastic invasion also appears as echogenic tissue within the vascular lumen, it can be difficult to differentiate from thrombus formation. In these cases, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be useful for any surgical planning and to identify more subtle vascular invasion.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">References<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Rogers C., O\u2019Toole T., Keating J., Penninck D., Webster, C. (2008) Portal Vein Thrombosis in Cats: 6 Cases (2001\u20132006). <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine<\/span><\/i> <strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">22<\/span><\/strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: 282-287.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Respess M., O\u2019Toole T., Taeyman, O., Rogers C., Johnston A. Webster, C. (2012) Portal Vein Thrombosis in 33 Dogs: 1998\u20132011. <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine<\/span><\/i> <strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">26<\/span><\/strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: 230-237.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Kinns J. (2012) Abdomen. In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Ultrasonography. Eds. Barr F., Gaschen L. Gloucestershire: British Small Animal Veterinary Association, pp 72\u201384.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Davis M.K., Schochet, R.A., Wrigley, R. (2012) Ultrasonographic Identification of Vascular Invasion by Adrenal Tumors in Dogs. <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound<\/span><\/i> <strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">53<\/span><\/strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: 442-445.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Further Reading&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">d\u2019Anjou M.A., Carmel E.N. (2015) Abdominal Cavity, Lymph Nodes, and Great Vessels, In: Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography 2nd edn., Eds: Penninck D., d\u2019Anjou M.A., John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, pp 455-479.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Specchi S.,\u202fd\u2019Anjou, M.A. (2019)\u202fDiagnostic Imaging for the Assessment of Acquired Abdominal Vascular Diseases in Small Animals: A Pictorial Review.\u202f<\/span>pp <span data-contrast=\"auto\">613\u2013\u202f632.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Widmer W.R., Mattoon J.S., Nyland T.G. (2015) Peritoneal Fluid, Lymph Nodes, Masses, Peritoneal Cavity, Great Vessel Thrombosis, and Focused Examinations, In: Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound 3rd edn., Eds. Mattoon J.S., Nyland T.G., Elsevier, St. Louis, pp 501-516.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a style=\"font-weight: bold;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imv-imaging.co.uk\/products\/veterinary-ultrasound\/\" rel=\"noopener\">View our Ultrasound Products &gt;&gt;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-we-hope-you-enjoyed-this-blog-post\">We hope you enjoyed this blog post!<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/span>&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Don\u2019t forget to share! \ud83d\udc47<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Assessment of the abdominal vessels should form part of a routine abdominal ultrasound examination.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15701,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1666,1740],"class_list":["post-59771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-small-animal-us","category-imv-ultrasound-us"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ultrasonography of the Abdominal Vessels | IMV Imaging<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ultrasonography of the Abdominal Vessels. 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